808 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
808 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
2022-01-20
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## Bridged Wireless Access Point
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A bridged wireless access point (aka Dumb AP) works within an existing
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ethernet network to add WiFi capability where it does not exist or to
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extend the network to WiFi capable computers and devices in areas where
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the WiFi signal is weak or otherwise does not meet expectations. One big
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advantage of this setup is that it can cost far less than many of the
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Mesh kits that are available. Another advantage this setup has over Mesh
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kits is that the Raspberry Pi is a general purpose computer so it can be
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used for additional tasks while performing as a Bridged Wireless Access
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Point.
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```
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INTERNET >>>>>>> modem/router >>>>>>> RasPi ))))) ((((( laptop
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(cable) ╱ ╲
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(fiber) CAT 5e+ ((((( phone
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(dsl)
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```
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Note: The connection from the router to the RasPi is best served by
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a CAT 5e or greater ethernet cable but good alternatives exist. One
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alternative is to use your existing electrical wiring by using
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Powerline AV2 adapters. These adapters are also called Homeplug AV2
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adapters and come in a variety of speeds and prices. I have had success
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with Powerline AV2 adapters but success depends on the quality and setup
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of the electrical wiring to be used. Anyone considering Powerline AV2
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should research the issue and be prepared to the return the product if
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it does not work well. I am exploring additional alternatives.
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#### Single Band or Dual Band - Your Choice
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This document outlines single band and dual band WiFi setups using a Raspberry
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Pi 3B, 3B+ or 4B with an AC600 USB2 or AC1200 USB3 WiFi adapter for 5 GHz
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band and either an additional external WiFi adapter or internal WiFi for 2.4 GHz
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band. There is a lot of flexibility and capability available with this type of
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setup.
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#### Information
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This setup supports WPA3-SAE. It is disabled by default.
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WPA3-SAE will not work with some Realtek 88xx drivers. Let's just say that this
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issue is in progress.
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WPA3-SAE works with Mediatek 761x chipset based USB WiFI adapters and, as far as
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I can tell, with all usb wifi adapters that use Linux in-kernel drivers and I
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have tested many.
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Note: This guide uses systemd-networkd for network management. If your Linux
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distro uses Network Manager or Netplan, they must be disabled. Sections that
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explain how to do this are located near the end of this document. Please go
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to and follow the appropriate section now, if required, before continuing with
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this setup guide. If you are using the Raspberry Pi OS, you may continue with
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this setup guide now as the Raspberry Pi OS does not use Network Manager or
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Netplan.
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-----
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#### Tested Setup
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[Raspberry Pi 4B (4gb)](https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-b/)
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[Raspberry Pi OS (2021-10-30) (32 bit) (kernel 5.10)](https://www.raspberrypi.org/software/operating-systems/#raspberry-pi-os-32-bit)
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Ethernet and Powerline AV2 connections providing internet (both tested)
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[USB WiFi Adapter(s)](https://github.com/morrownr/USB-WiFi)
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[Case](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07T2CPC2H)
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[Right Angle USB Extender](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07S6B5X76)
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[Power Supply](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08C9VYLLK)
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[SD Card](https://www.amazon.com/Samsung-Endurance-32GB-Micro-Adapter/dp/B07B98GXQT)
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Note: I use the case upside down with little stick on rubber feet. There
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are several little things that work better with the case upside down and
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no negatives that I can find.
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Note: Very few Powered USB 3 Hubs will work well with Raspberry Pi hardware. The
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primary problem has to do with the backfeeding of current into the Raspberry Pi.
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One that seems to work well here is:
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[Transcend USB 3.0 4-Port Hub TS-HUB3K](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005D69QD8)
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Note: The rtl88XXxu chipset based USB3 WiFi adapters require from 504 mA of
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power up to well over 800 mA of power depending on the adapter. The Raspberry
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Pi 3B, 3B+ and 4B USB subsystems are only able to supply a total of 1200
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mA of power total divided between all attached devices.
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Note: The Alfa AWUS036ACM adapter, a mt7612u based adapter, requests a maximum
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of 400 mA from the USB subsystem during initialization. Testing with a meter
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shows actual usage of 360 mA during heavy load and usage of 180 mA during
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light loads. This is much lower power usage than most AC1200 class adapters
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which makes this adapter a good choice for a Raspberry Pi based access point.
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Other mt7612u and mt7610u chipset based adapters also show low power usage.
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Another adapter that is very good for use in this setup is the Alfa AWUS036ACHM
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which is an AC600 class adapter that has very impressive range.
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-----
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#### Setup Steps
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USB WiFi adapter driver installation, if required, should be performed and tested
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prior to continuing.
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Note: For USB3 adapters based on the Realtek rtl8812au, rtl8812bu and rtl8814au
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chipsets, the following module parameters may be needed for best performance
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when the adapter is set to support 5 GHz band: (if using a rtl8812bu based
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adapter with a Raspberry Pi 4B or 400, you may need to limit USB mode to USB2
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due to a bug, probably in the Raspberry Pi 4B, that causes dropped connections--
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rtw_switch_usb_mode=2)
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```
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rtw_vht_enable=2 rtw_switch_usb_mode=1
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```
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Note: For USB2 adapters based on the Realtek rtl8811au chipset, the following
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module parameters may be needed for best performance when the adapter is set to
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support 5 GHz band:
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```
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rtw_vht_enable=2
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```
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Note: For USB3 adapters based on the Realtek rtl8812au, rtl8812bu and rtl8814au
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chipsets, the following module parameters may be needed for best performance
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when the adapter is set to support 2.4 GHz band:
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```
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rtw_vht_enable=1 rtw_switch_usb_mode=2
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```
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Note: For USB2 adapters based on the Realtek rtl8811au chipset, the following
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module parameters may be needed for best performance when the adapter is set to
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support 2.4 GHz band:
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```
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rtw_vht_enable=1
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```
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Note: For USB3 or USB2 adapters based on Mediatek mt7612u or mt7610u chipsets,
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the following module parameter may be needed for best performance:
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```
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disable_usb_sg=1
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```
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Note: More information is available at the following site:
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https://github.com/morrownr/7612u
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Note: For this access point setup to support WPA3-SAE in a dual band setup, two
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USB WiFi adapters with Mediatek or Atheros chipsets are required as the Realtek
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and internal Raspberry Pi WiFi drivers do not support WPA3-SAE as of the date
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of this document.
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The follow site provides links to adapters that support WPA3-SAE: [USB-WIFI](https://github.com/morrownr/USB-WiFi)
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-----
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Update, upgrade and clean up the operating system.
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```
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sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade && sudo apt autoremove
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```
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Note: Upgrading the operating system is not mandatory for this
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installation but since some users forget to upgrade their system on a
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regular basis, maybe it is a good idea.
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-----
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Reduce overall power consumption and overclock the CPU a modest amount.
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Note: All items in this step are optional and some items are specific to the
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Raspberry Pi 4B. If installing to a Raspberry Pi 3B or 3B+ or other Pi you will
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need to use the appropriate settings for that hardward.
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```
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sudo nano /boot/config.txt
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```
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Change:
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```
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# turn off onboard audio
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#dtparam=audio=on
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# disable DRM VC4 V3D driver on top of the dispmanx display stack
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#dtoverlay=vc4-fkms-v3d
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#max_framebuffers=2
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```
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Add:
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```
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# turn off Mainboard LEDs
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dtoverlay=act-led
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# disable Activity LED
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dtparam=act_led_trigger=none
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dtparam=act_led_activelow=off
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# disable Power LED
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dtparam=pwr_led_trigger=none
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dtparam=pwr_led_activelow=off
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# turn off Ethernet port LEDs
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dtparam=eth_led0=4
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dtparam=eth_led1=4
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# turn off Bluetooth
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dtoverlay=disable-bt
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# turn off onboard WiFi
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dtoverlay=disable-wifi
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# overclock CPU
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# (may not be required on current versions of the RasPiOS with a RasPi4B)
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over_voltage=1
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arm_freq=1600
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```
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-----
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Enable predictable network interface names
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Note: While this step is optional, problems can arise without it on dual band
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setups. Some Linux distros have this capability enabled by default but not the
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Raspberry Pi OS.
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```
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sudo raspi-config
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```
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Select: Advanced options > A4 Network Interface Names > Yes
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-----
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Reboot system.
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```
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sudo reboot
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```
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-----
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Determine name and state of the network interfaces.
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```
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ip a
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```
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You may need to additionally run the following commands in order to
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determine which adapter, in a dual band setup, has which interface name.
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```
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iw list
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```
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```
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iw dev
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```
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Note: If the interface names are not `eth0`, `wlan0` and `wlan1`,
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then the interface names used in your system will have to replace
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`eth0`, `wlan0` and `wlan1` for the remainder of this document.
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-----
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Install needed package. Website - [hostapd](https://w1.fi/hostapd/)
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```
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sudo apt install hostapd
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```
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-----
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Enable the wireless access point service and set it to start when your
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Raspberry Pi boots.
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```
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sudo systemctl unmask hostapd
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```
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```
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sudo systemctl enable hostapd
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```
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-----
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Note: The below steps include creating two hostapd configurations files but
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only one is needed if using a single band setup.
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Create hostapd configuration file for 5 GHz band.
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```
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sudo nano /etc/hostapd/hostapd-5g.conf
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```
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File contents
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```
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# /etc/hostapd/hostapd-5g.conf
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# Documentation: https://w1.fi/cgit/hostap/plain/hostapd/hostapd.conf
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# 2021-11-15
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# SSID
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ssid=myPI-5g
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# PASSPHRASE
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wpa_passphrase=myPW1234
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# Band: a = 5g (a/n/ac), g = 2g (b/g/n)
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hw_mode=a
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# Channel
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channel=36
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# Channel width
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vht_oper_chwidth=1
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# VHT center channel (chan + 6)
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vht_oper_centr_freq_seg0_idx=42
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# Country code
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country_code=US
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# Bridge interface
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bridge=br0
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# WiFi interface
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interface=wlan0
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# nl80211 is used with all Linux mac80211 (in-kernel) and modern Realtek drivers
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driver=nl80211
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#ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd
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#ctrl_interface_group=0
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ieee80211d=1
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# Enables support for 5GHz DFS channels
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#ieee80211h=1
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beacon_int=100
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dtim_period=2
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max_num_sta=32
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macaddr_acl=0
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rts_threshold=2347
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fragm_threshold=2346
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#send_probe_response=1
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# security
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# auth_algs=3 is required for WPA-3 SAE and WPA-3 SAE Transitional
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auth_algs=1
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ignore_broadcast_ssid=0
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# wpa=2 is required for WPA2 and WPA3 (read the docs)
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wpa=2
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rsn_pairwise=CCMP
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# only one wpa_key_mgmt= line should be active.
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# wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK is required for WPA2-AES
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wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
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# wpa_key_mgmt=SAE WPA-PSK is required for WPA3-AES Transitional
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#wpa_key_mgmt=SAE WPA-PSK
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# wpa_key_mgmt=SAE is required for WPA3-SAE
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#wpa_key_mgmt=SAE
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#wpa_group_rekey=1800
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# ieee80211w=1 is required for WPA-3 SAE Transitional
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# ieee80211w=2 is required for WPA-3 SAE
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#ieee80211w=1
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# if parameter is not set, 19 is the default value.
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#sae_groups=19 20 21 25 26
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# sae_require_mfp=1 is required for WPA-3 SAE Transitional
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#sae_require_mfp=1
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# if parameter is not 9 set, 5 is the default value.
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#sae_anti_clogging_threshold=10
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# Note: Capabilities can vary even between adapters with the same chipset.
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#
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# Note: Only one ht_capab= line and one vht_capab= should be active. The
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# content of these lines is determined by the capabilities of your adapter.
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#
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# IEEE 802.11n
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ieee80211n=1
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wmm_enabled=1
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#
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# generic setting
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ht_capab=[HT40+][HT40-][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40]
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#
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# mt7612u - mt7610u
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#ht_capab=[HT40+][HT40-][GF][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40]
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#
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# rtl8812au - rtl8811au - rtl8811cu
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#ht_capab=[HT40+][HT40-][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40][MAX-AMSDU-7935]
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# rtl8812bu
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#ht_capab=[LDPC][HT40+][HT40-][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40][MAX-AMSDU-7935]
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# rtl8814au
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#ht_capab=[LDPC][HT40+][HT40-][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40][MAX-AMSDU-7935][DSSS_CCK-40]
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#
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# IEEE 802.11ac
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ieee80211ac=1
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#
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# generic setting
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vht_capab=[SHORT-GI-80]
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#
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# mt7610u
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#vht_capab=[SHORT-GI-80][MAX-A-MPDU-LEN-EXP3][RX-ANTENNA-PATTERN][TX-ANTENNA-PATTERN]
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# mt7612u
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#vht_capab=[RXLDPC][SHORT-GI-80][TX-STBC-2BY1][RX-STBC-1][MAX-A-MPDU-LEN-EXP3][RX-ANTENNA-PATTERN][TX-ANTENNA-PATTERN]
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#
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# rtl8812au - rtl8812bu
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#vht_capab=[MAX-MPDU-11454][SHORT-GI-80][TX-STBC-2BY1][RX-STBC-1][HTC-VHT][MAX-A-MPDU-LEN-EXP7]
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# rtl8814au
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#vht_capab=[MAX-MPDU-11454][RXLDPC][SHORT-GI-80][TX-STBC-2BY1][RX-STBC-1][HTC-VHT][MAX-A-MPDU-LEN-EXP7]
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# rtl8811au - rtl8811cu
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#vht_capab=[MAX-MPDU-11454][SHORT-GI-80][RX-STBC-1][HTC-VHT][MAX-A-MPDU-LEN-EXP7]
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#
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# Note: [TX-STBC-2BY1] may cause problems with some Realtek drivers
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# end of hostapd-5g.conf
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```
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-----
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Create the 2g hostapd configuration file.
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```
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sudo nano /etc/hostapd/hostapd-2g.conf
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```
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File contents
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```
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# /etc/hostapd/hostapd-2g.conf
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# Documentation: https://w1.fi/cgit/hostap/plain/hostapd/hostapd.conf
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# 2021-11-15
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# SSID
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ssid=myPI-2g
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# PASSPHRASE
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wpa_passphrase=myPW1234
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# Band: a = 5g (a/n/ac), g = 2g (b/g/n)
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hw_mode=g
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# Channel
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channel=6
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# Country
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country_code=US
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# Bridge interface
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bridge=br0
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# WiFi interface
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interface=wlan1
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# nl80211 is used with all Linux mac80211 (in-kernel) and modern Realtek drivers
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driver=nl80211
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#ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd
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#ctrl_interface_group=0
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beacon_int=100
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dtim_period=2
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max_num_sta=32
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rts_threshold=2347
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fragm_threshold=2346
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#send_probe_response=1
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# security
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# auth_algs=3 is required for WPA-3 SAE and WPA-3 SAE Transitional
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auth_algs=1
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macaddr_acl=0
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ignore_broadcast_ssid=0
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wpa=2
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wpa_pairwise=CCMP
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# WPA-2 AES
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wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
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# WPA-3 SAE
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#wpa_key_mgmt=SAE
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#wpa_group_rekey=1800
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rsn_pairwise=CCMP
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# ieee80211w=2 is required for WPA-3 SAE
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#ieee80211w=2
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# If parameter is not set, 19 is the default value.
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#sae_groups=19 20 21 25 26
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#sae_require_mfp=1
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# If parameter is not 9 set, 5 is the default value.
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#sae_anti_clogging_threshold=10
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# IEEE 802.11n
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ieee80211n=1
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wmm_enabled=1
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#
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# Note: Only one ht_capab= line should be active. The content of these lines is
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# determined by the capabilities of your adapter.
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#
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# generic 20 NHz setting
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ht_capab=[SHORT-GI-20]
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#
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# RasPi4B internal wifi
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#ht_capab=[HT40+][HT40-][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40][DSSS_CCK-40]
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#
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# ar9271
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#ht_capab=[HT40+][HT40-][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40][RX-STBC1][DSSS_CCK-40]
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#
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# mt7612u - mt7610u
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#ht_capab=[HT40+][HT40-][GF][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40]
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#
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# rtl8812au - rtl8811au - rtl8812bu - rtl8811cu
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#ht_capab=[HT40+][HT40-][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40][MAX-AMSDU-7935]
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# rtl8814au
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#ht_capab=[LDPC][HT40+][HT40-][SHORT-GI-20][SHORT-GI-40][MAX-AMSDU-7935][DSSS_CCK-40]
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# End of hostapd-2g.conf
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Establish hostapd conf file and log file locations.
|
||
|
||
Note: Make sure to change <your_home> to your home directory.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo nano /etc/default/hostapd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Select one of the following options
|
||
|
||
Dual band option: Add to bottom of file
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
DAEMON_CONF="/etc/hostapd/hostapd-5g.conf /etc/hostapd/hostapd-2g.conf"
|
||
DAEMON_OPTS="-d -K -f /home/<your_home>/hostapd.log"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Single band option for 5g: Add to bottom of file
|
||
```
|
||
DAEMON_CONF="/etc/hostapd/hostapd-5g.conf"
|
||
DAEMON_OPTS="-d -K -f /home/<your_home>/hostapd.log"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Single band option for 2g: Add to bottom of file
|
||
```
|
||
DAEMON_CONF="/etc/hostapd/hostapd-2g.conf"
|
||
DAEMON_OPTS="-d -K -f /home/<your_home>/hostapd.log"
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Modify hostapd.service file.
|
||
|
||
Code:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/hostapd.service /etc/systemd/system/hostapd.service
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/hostapd.service
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Select one of the following options
|
||
|
||
Dual band option: Change the 'Environment=' line and 'ExecStart=' line to the following
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
Environment=DAEMON_CONF="/etc/hostapd/hostapd-5g.conf /etc/hostapd/hostapd-2g.conf"
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/hostapd -B -P /run/hostapd.pid -B $DAEMON_OPTS $DAEMON_CONF
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Single band option for 5g: Change the 'Environment=' line and 'ExecStart=' line to the following
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
Environment=DAEMON_CONF="/etc/hostapd/hostapd-5g.conf"
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/hostapd -B -P /run/hostapd.pid -B $DAEMON_OPTS $DAEMON_CONF
|
||
```
|
||
Single band option for 2g: Change the 'Environment=' line and 'ExecStart=' line to the following
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
Environment=DAEMON_CONF="/etc/hostapd/hostapd-2g.conf"
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/hostapd -B -P /run/hostapd.pid -B $DAEMON_OPTS $DAEMON_CONF
|
||
```
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Block the ethernet and wlan interfaces from being processed, and let dhcpcd
|
||
configure only br0 via DHCP.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Add the following line above the first `interface xxx` line, if any.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
denyinterfaces e* wl*
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Go to the end of the file and add the following line
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
interface br0
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Enable systemd-networkd service. Website - [systemd-network](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/systemd.network.html).
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl enable systemd-networkd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Create bridge interface br0.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo nano /etc/systemd/network/10-create-bridge-br0.netdev
|
||
```
|
||
File contents
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
[NetDev]
|
||
Name=br0
|
||
Kind=bridge
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Bind ethernet interface.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo nano /etc/systemd/network/20-bind-ethernet-with-bridge-br0.network
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
File contents
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
[Match]
|
||
Name=e*
|
||
|
||
[Network]
|
||
Bridge=br0
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Configure bridge interface.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo nano /etc/systemd/network/30-config-bridge-br0.network
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Note: The contents of the Network block below should reflect the needs of your network.
|
||
|
||
File contents.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
[Match]
|
||
Name=br0
|
||
|
||
[Network]
|
||
DHCP=yes
|
||
#Address=192.168.1.100/24
|
||
#Gateway=192.168.1.1
|
||
#DNS=8.8.8.8
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Ensure WiFi radio not blocked.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo rfkill unblock wlan
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Reboot system.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo reboot
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
End of installation.
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Notes: The following sections contain good to know information.
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Restart systemd-networkd service.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl restart systemd-networkd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Check status of the services.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
systemctl status hostapd
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
systemctl status systemd-networkd
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Install and autostart iperf3.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo apt install iperf3
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/iperf3.service
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
File contents
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
[Unit]
|
||
Description=iPerf3 Service
|
||
After=syslog.target network.target auditd.service
|
||
|
||
[Service]
|
||
Type=simple
|
||
ExecStart=/usr/bin/iperf3 -s
|
||
|
||
[Install]
|
||
WantedBy=multi-user.target
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl enable iperf3
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo reboot
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Check iperf3 status.
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl status iperf3
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Disable NetworkManager.
|
||
|
||
Note: For systems not running the Gnome desktop, purging Network Manager
|
||
is the easiest solution.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo apt purge network-manager
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Note: For systems running the Gnome desktop, use the following.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl stop NetworkManager.service
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager.service
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl stop NetworkManager-wait-online.service
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager-wait-online.service
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl stop NetworkManager-dispatcher.service
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl disable NetworkManager-dispatcher.service
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl stop network-manager.service
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl disable network-manager.service
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo reboot
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|
||
|
||
Disable Netplan.
|
||
|
||
Note: Netplan is the default network manager on Ubuntu server.
|
||
|
||
Disable and mask networkd-dispatcher.
|
||
|
||
Note: we are activating /etc/network/interfaces
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo apt-get install ifupdown
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl stop networkd-dispatcher
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl disable networkd-dispatcher
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo systemctl mask networkd-dispatcher
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Purge netplan.
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
sudo apt-get purge nplan netplan.io
|
||
```
|
||
```
|
||
sudo reboot
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
-----
|